Pcswmm user manual4/13/2023 ![]() Thus, in addition to heavy rainfall and urbanisation, three major issues are involved in increased urban flood experiences. ( a) There is a lack of detailed knowledge of the hydrological cycle due to the change in rainfall patterns as well as land uses. ![]() Water in flooded areas remains stagnant for 2 to 3 days ( Mohit et al., 2014). Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding the rainfall–runoff relationships that are generating inundations in low-lying areas around the city. ![]() ( b) There is an absence of hydraulic assessment in terms of the conveyance capacity of the existing roadside drains, which have a constant width of 0.3 to 0.9 m ( Akter et al., 2017 Aysha and Md. Therefore, critical drain intersects remain unknown. ( c) A knowledge gap on flood hotspots around the city exists, owing to the absence of flood hazard maps. Hydrological modelling usually provides an excellent basis regarding the generation of surface runoff for drainage network planners, designers and engineers. Thus user-friendly tools – namely, the Hydrologic Engineering Center–hydrologic modelling system (HEC-HMS) developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the personal computer storm water management model (PCSWMM) – have been adopted around the world to depict the generated surface runoff.
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